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第一章证明(1.3)

引理1.16

引理1.16

下述二元数论谓词是初等数论谓词:

  1. \(\text{eq}(x,y)\equiv x=y\);
  2. \(\text{neq}(x,y)\equiv x\not=y\);
  3. \(\text{lt}(x,y)\equiv x<y\);
  4. \(\text{leq}(x,y)\equiv x\leq y\);
  5. \(\text{gt}(x,y)\equiv x>y\);
  6. \(\text{geq}(x,y)\equiv x\geq y\);

证:

(1)

特征函数为 \(f(x,y)=\begin{cases}0,x=y\,,\\ 1, x\not=y\,.\end{cases}\)

\(f(x,y)=N^2(x\ddot-y)\)

(2)

特征函数为 \(f(x,y)=\begin{cases}0,x\not=y\,,\\ 1, x=y\,.\end{cases}\)

\(f(x,y)=N(x\ddot-y)\)

(3)

特征函数为 \(f(x,y)=\begin{cases}0,x<y\,,\\ 1, x\geq y\,.\end{cases}\)

\(f(x,y)=N(y\dot-x)\)

(4)

特征函数为 \(f(x,y)=\begin{cases}0,x\leq y\,,\\ 1, x> y\,.\end{cases}\)

\(f(x,y)=N^2(x\dot-y)\)

(5)

特征函数为 \(f(x,y)=\begin{cases}0,x> y\,,\\ 1, x\leq y\,.\end{cases}\)

\(f(x,y)=N(x\dot-y)\)

(6)

特征函数为 \(f(x,y)=\begin{cases}0,x\geq y\,,\\ 1, x< y\,.\end{cases}\)

\(f(x,y)=N^2(y\dot-x)\)

引理1.17

引理1.17

\(n\) 元数论函数 \(f,g:\mathbb{N}^n\rightarrow \mathbb{N}\) 是初等数论函数,则下述 \(n\) 元数论谓词是初等数论谓词:

  1. \(\text{eq}_{f,g}(\overrightarrow{x})\equiv f(\overrightarrow{x})=g(\overrightarrow{x})\);
  2. \(\text{neq}_{f,g}(\overrightarrow{x})\equiv f(\overrightarrow{x})\not=g(\overrightarrow{x})\);
  3. \(\text{lt}_{f,g}(\overrightarrow{x})\equiv f(\overrightarrow{x})<g(\overrightarrow{x})\);
  4. \(\text{leq}_{f,g}(\overrightarrow{x})\equiv f(\overrightarrow{x})\leq g(\overrightarrow{x})\);
  5. \(\text{gt}_{f,g}(\overrightarrow{x})\equiv f(\overrightarrow{x})>g(\overrightarrow{x})\);
  6. \(\text{geq}_{f,g}(\overrightarrow{x})\equiv f(\overrightarrow{x})\geq g(\overrightarrow{x})\);

证:

(1)

特征函数为 \(F(\overrightarrow{x})=\begin{cases}0,f(\overrightarrow{x})=g(\overrightarrow{x})\,,\\ 1, f(\overrightarrow{x})\not=g(\overrightarrow{x})\,.\end{cases}\)

\(F(\overrightarrow{x})=N^2(f(\overrightarrow{x})\ddot-g(\overrightarrow{x}))\)

(2)

特征函数为 \(F(\overrightarrow{x})=\begin{cases}0,f(\overrightarrow{x})\not=g(\overrightarrow{x})\,,\\ 1, f(\overrightarrow{x})=g(\overrightarrow{x})\,.\end{cases}\)

\(F(\overrightarrow{x})=N(f(\overrightarrow{x})\ddot-g(\overrightarrow{x}))\)

(3)

特征函数为 \(F(\overrightarrow{x})=\begin{cases}0,f(\overrightarrow{x})<g(\overrightarrow{x})\,,\\ 1, f(\overrightarrow{x})\geq g(\overrightarrow{x})\,.\end{cases}\)

\(F(\overrightarrow{x})=N(g(\overrightarrow{x})\dot-f(\overrightarrow{x}))\)

(4)

特征函数为 \(F(\overrightarrow{x})=\begin{cases}0,f(\overrightarrow{x})\leq g(\overrightarrow{x})\,,\\ 1, f(\overrightarrow{x})> g(\overrightarrow{x})\,.\end{cases}\)

\(F(\overrightarrow{x})=N^2(f(\overrightarrow{x})\dot-g(\overrightarrow{x}))\)

(5)

特征函数为 \(F(\overrightarrow{x})=\begin{cases}0,f(\overrightarrow{x})> g(\overrightarrow{x})\,,\\ 1, f(\overrightarrow{x})\leq g(\overrightarrow{x})\,.\end{cases}\)

\(F(\overrightarrow{x})=N(f(\overrightarrow{x})\dot-g(\overrightarrow{x}))\)

(6)

特征函数为 \(F(\overrightarrow{x})=\begin{cases}0,f(\overrightarrow{x})\geq g(\overrightarrow{x})\,,\\ 1, f(\overrightarrow{x})< g(\overrightarrow{x})\,.\end{cases}\)

\(F(\overrightarrow{x})=N^2(g(\overrightarrow{x})\dot-f(\overrightarrow{x}))\)

引理1.18

引理1.18

初等数论谓词对于 \(\neg,\wedge,\vee,\rightarrow,\forall x\leq n.[\cdot],\exists y\leq n.[\cdot]\)封闭。

证:

\(\neg x\)\(N(x)\)

\(x\wedge y\)\(N^2(x+y)\)

\(x\vee y\)\(x\cdot y\)

\(x\rightarrow y\)\(\neg x \vee y=N(x)\cdot y\)

\(\forall x\leq n.[\cdot]\)\(N(\prod_{i=0}^nN[\cdot])\)

\(\exists y\leq n.[\cdot]\)\(\prod_{i=0}^n[\cdot]\)

引理1.22

引理1.22

初等数论集合对于 \(\cup,\cap,-\)封闭。

证:

设初等数论集合 \(S_1,S_2\subseteq\mathbb{N}^n\),其特征函数分别为 \(\chi_{S_1},\chi_{S_2}\)

\[ \chi_{S_1\cup S_2}=\chi_{S_1}\cdot \chi_{S_2} \\ \chi_{S_1\cap S_2}=N^2(\chi_{S_1}+ \chi_{S_2}) \\ \chi_{S_1- S_2}=N^2(\chi_{S_1}+ (1\ddot-\chi_{S_2})) \]

引理1.33

引理1.33

定义1.22中的函数 $G 具有以下性质:

  1. \(G(k,x)\)\(k\)\(x\) 皆严格递增;
  2. \((x+1)G(k,x)<G(k+2,x)\);
  3. \((G(k,x))^{x+1}<G(k+3,x)\)

证:

(1)

对任意 \(k_1<k_2\),有

\[ \frac{G(k_2,x)}{G(k_1,x)}=\frac{\underbrace{2^{\cdot^{\cdot^{\cdot^{2^x}}}}}_{k_2个2}}{ \underbrace{2^{\cdot^{\cdot^{\cdot^{2^x}}}}}_{k_1个2}} >1 \]

对任意 \(x_1<x_2\),有

\[ \frac{G(k,x_2)}{G(k,x_1)}=\frac{\underbrace{2^{\cdot^{\cdot^{\cdot^{2^{x_2}}}}}}_{k个2}}{ \underbrace{2^{\cdot^{\cdot^{\cdot^{2^{x_1}}}}}}_{k个2}} >1 \]

(2)

\(k\) 进行数学归纳。

\(k=0\)时,

\[ \frac{G(k+2,x)}{(x+1)G(k,x)}=\frac{2^{2^x}}{(x+1)x}>1 \]

假设 \(k=t\)时成立,即

\[ G(t+2,x)>(x+1)G(t,x) \]

\(k=t+1\)时,有

\[ \begin{align} \frac{G(t+3,x)}{(x+1)G(t+1,x)} &=\frac{G(t+2,2^x)}{(x+1)G(t,2^x)} \\\\ &>\frac{(2^x+1)G(t,2^x)}{(x+1)G(t,2^x)} \\\\ &=\frac{2^x+1}{x+1} \\\\ &>1 \end{align} \]

(3)

\(k\) 进行数学归纳。

\(k=0\)时,

\[ \frac{G(k+3,x)}{G(k,x)^{x+1}}=\frac{2^{2^{2^x}}}{x^{x+1}} \]

\(x\) 作归纳,易证 \(\frac{2^{2^{2^x}}}{x^{x+1}}>1\)

假设 \(k=t\)时成立,即

\[ G(t+3,x)>(G(t,x))^{x+1} \]

\(k=t+1\)时,有

\[ \begin{align} \frac{G(t+4,x)}{G(t+1,x)^{x+1}} &=\frac{G(t+3,2^x)}{G(t,2^x)^{x+1}} \\\\ &>\frac{G(t,2^x)^{2^x+1}}{G(t,2^x)^{x+1}} \\\\ &>\frac{G(t,2^x)^{x+1}}{G(t,2^x)^{x+1}} \\\\ &=1 \end{align} \]